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this page</div><nav aria-labelledby="doc-outline-aria-label" data-v-aa0e2252><span id="doc-outline-aria-label" class="visually-hidden" data-v-aa0e2252>Table of Contents for current page</span><ul class="root" data-v-aa0e2252><!--[--><li style="" data-v-aa0e2252><a class="outline-link" href="#_1-包和npm" data-v-aa0e2252>1.包和npm</a><!----></li><li style="" data-v-aa0e2252><a class="outline-link" href="#_2-npm-的常用命令" data-v-aa0e2252>2.NPM 的常用命令</a><!----></li><li style="" data-v-aa0e2252><a class="outline-link" href="#_3-配置-npm-镜像源" data-v-aa0e2252>3.配置 npm 镜像源</a><!----></li><li style="" data-v-aa0e2252><a class="outline-link" href="#_4-什么是-npm-脚本" data-v-aa0e2252>4.什么是 npm 脚本</a><!----></li><li style="" data-v-aa0e2252><a class="outline-link" href="#_5-pnpm" data-v-aa0e2252>5.pnpm</a><!----></li><li style="" data-v-aa0e2252><a class="outline-link" href="#_6-npm命令总结" data-v-aa0e2252>6.npm命令总结</a><!----></li><li style="" data-v-aa0e2252><a class="outline-link" href="#_7-使用-nodemon-自动重启服务" data-v-aa0e2252>7.使用 nodemon 自动重启服务</a><!----></li><!--]--></ul></nav></div><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><div><a class="sponsors-aside-text" href="/">联系客服</a><img src="/images/qrcode.png"></div><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><div class="VPCarbonAds" data-v-4fe9b7bd><img src="/logo.svg" alt="" srcset=""></div><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><h1 class="tagline" data-v-3916b2f0><span class="accent" data-v-3916b2f0>Bin</span><br data-v-3916b2f0>QQ - 1974892005 </h1><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--></div></div><div class="content" data-v-4fe9b7bd><!--[--><!--]--><main data-v-4fe9b7bd><div style="position:relative;" class="vt-doc nodejs" data-v-4fe9b7bd><div><h1 id="_03-【npm的使用】" tabindex="-1">03 【npm的使用】 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_03-【npm的使用】" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h1><h2 id="_1-包和npm" tabindex="-1">1.包和npm <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-包和npm" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2><h3 id="_1-1-什么是包" tabindex="-1">1.1 什么是包 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-什么是包" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><p>由于 Node 是一套轻内核的平台，虽然提供了一系列的内置模块，但是不足以满足开发者的需求，于是乎出现了包（package）的概念： 与核心模块类似，就是将一些预先设计好的功能或者说 API 封装到一个文件夹，提供给开发者使用。</p><p>Node 本身并没有太多的功能性 API，所以市面上涌现出大量的第三方人员开发出来的 Package。</p><h3 id="_1-2-包的加载机制" tabindex="-1">1.2 包的加载机制 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-包的加载机制" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><p>Node.js中使用<code>CommonJs</code>模块化机制，通过<code>npm</code>下载的第三方包，我们在项目中引入第三方包都是：<code>let xx = require(&#39;第三方包名&#39;)</code>，究竟<code>require</code>方法加载第三方包的原理机制是什么，今天我们来探讨下。</p><ol><li><code>require(&#39;第三方包名&#39;)</code>优先在加载该包的模块的同级目录<code>node_modules</code>中查找第三方包。</li><li>找到该第三方包中的<code>package.json</code>文件，并且找到里面的<code>main</code>属性对应的入口模块，该入口模块即为加载的第三方模块。</li><li>如果在要加载的第三方包中没有找到<code>package.json</code>文件或者是<code>package.json</code>文件中没有<code>main</code>属性，则默认加载第三方包中的<code>index.js</code>文件。</li><li>如果在加载第三方模块的文件的同级目录没有找到<code>node_modules</code>文件夹，或者以上所有情况都没有找到，则会向上一级父级目录下查找<code>node_modules</code>文件夹，查找规则如上一致。</li><li>如果一直找到该模块的磁盘根路径都没有找到，则会报错：<code>can not find module xxx</code>。</li></ol><p>比如说：</p><div class="language-javascript line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#82AAFF;">requiere</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">(</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">`</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">fs</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">`</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">)</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>那加载的肯定是系统的包。所以，我们尽量不要创建一些和现有的包重名的包。</p><h3 id="_1-3-npm-的概念" tabindex="-1">1.3 npm 的概念 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-3-npm-的概念" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><p><strong>NPM</strong>：Node Package Manager。官方链接： <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.npmjs.com/</a></p><p>Node.js 发展到现在，已经形成了一个非常庞大的生态圈。包的生态圈一旦繁荣起来，就必须有工具去来管理这些包。NPM 应运而生。</p><p>举个例子，当我们在使用 Java 语言做开发时，需要用到 JDK 提供的内置库，以及第三方库。同样，在使用 JS 做开发时，我们可以使用 NPM 包管理器，方便地使用成熟的、优秀的第三方框架，融合到我们自己的项目中，极大地加速日常开发的构建过程。</p><p>随着时间的发展，NPM 出现了两层概念：</p><ul><li>一层含义是 Node 的开放式模块登记和管理系统，亦可以说是一个生态圈，一个社区。</li><li>另一层含义是 Node 默认的模块管理器，是一个命令行下的软件，用来安装和管理 Node 模块。</li></ul><h3 id="_1-4-npm-的安装（不需要单独安装）" tabindex="-1">1.4 npm 的安装（不需要单独安装） <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-npm-的安装（不需要单独安装）" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><p>NPM 不需要单独安装。默认在安装 Node 的时候，会连带一起安装 NPM</p><p>NVM、Node、NPM 安装之后，目录分布如下：</p><p><img src="https://i0.hdslb.com/bfs/album/9d95a2589e45d1d9eaf6fc481335363b9490ec24.png" alt=""></p><p><img src="https://i0.hdslb.com/bfs/album/11a2587512af408095fe6f2786c596b7ee5e6dbf.png" alt=""></p><p><img src="https://i0.hdslb.com/bfs/album/137d79fa1ea96221bf9f4baa465ebe7080b500ca.png" alt=""></p><p>输入 <code>npm -v</code>，查看 npm 的版本</p><p>如果上方命令无效，可能是之前的 node 并没有完全安装成功。解决办法：<a href="https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000011114680" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000011114680</a></p><p>另外，Node 附带的 NPM 可能不是最新版本，可以用下面的命令，更新到最新版本：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">$ npm install npm -g</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><h3 id="_1-5-配置-npm-的全局目录" tabindex="-1">1.5 配置 NPM 的全局目录 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-5-配置-npm-的全局目录" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><p>NPM 默认安装到当前正在使用 Node 版本所在目录下。我们建议重新配置 NPM 的全局目录。</p><p>输入<code>npm config ls</code>，查看</p><p><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/smalCat/article/details/79505441" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://blog.csdn.net/smalCat/article/details/79505441</a></p><h2 id="_2-npm-的常用命令" tabindex="-1">2.NPM 的常用命令 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-npm-的常用命令" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2><p>查看 npm 当前版本：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm -v</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>更新 npm：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm install npm@latest -g</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>项目初始化：（执行完成后，会生成<code>package.json</code>文件）</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm init</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;"># 快速跳过问答式界面，选择默认配置</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm init --yes</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><p>只在当前工程下安装指定的包：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm install </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">package</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>在全局安装指定的包：</p><div class="language-text line-numbers-mode"><pre><code>npm install -g [package]
</code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>安装的包只用于开发环境，不用于生产环境：（会出现在 package.json 文件中的 devDependencies 属性中）</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm install </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">package</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> --save-dev</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;"># 或者</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm install </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">package</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> -D</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><p>安装的包需要发布到生产环境：（会出现在 package.json 文件中的 dependencies 属性中）</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm install </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">package</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> --save</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;"># 或者</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm install </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">package</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> -S</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><p>查看当前目录下已安装的 node 包：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm list</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>查看全局已经安装的 node 包：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm list -g</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>查看 npm 帮助命令：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm --help</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>查看指定命令的帮助：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">指定命令</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> --help</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>更新指定的包：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm update </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">package</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>卸载指定的包：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm uninstall </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">package</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>查看配置信息：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm config list</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>查看本地安装的指定包的信息，没有则显示 empty：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm ls </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">package</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>查看全局安装的指定包的信息，没有则显示 empty：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm ls </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">package</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> -g</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>查看远程 npm 上指定包的所有版本信息：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm info </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">package</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> versions</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>查看当前包的安装路径：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm root</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>查看全局包的安装路径：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm root -g</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><h2 id="_3-配置-npm-镜像源" tabindex="-1">3.配置 npm 镜像源 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-配置-npm-镜像源" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2><p>由于 npm 默认的下载地址在国外（<a href="http://npmjs.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">npmjs.com</a>），有时候会被墙，导致无法下载或者下载很慢。因此，我们可以尝试切换成，从其他的镜像源下载 npm 包。</p><p>切换镜像源，有下面这几种方式：</p><ul><li>方式 1：临时切换镜像源。</li><li>方式 2：切换镜像源</li><li>方式 3：通过 NRM 切换镜像源（最为推荐的方式）。</li><li>方式 4：cnpm。</li></ul><h3 id="_3-1-方式-1：临时切换镜像源" tabindex="-1">3.1 方式 1：临时切换镜像源 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-1-方式-1：临时切换镜像源" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><p>安装指定包的时候，通过追加 <code>--registry</code>参数即可。格式如下：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;"># 格式</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm install </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">package</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> --registry </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">[</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">https://xxx</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">]</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;"># 举例：在下载安装 express 这个包的时候，临时指定镜像源为 https://registry.npm.taobao.org</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm install express --registry https://registry.npmmirror.com/</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><h3 id="_3-2-方式-2：切换镜像源" tabindex="-1">3.2 方式 2：切换镜像源 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-2-方式-2：切换镜像源" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm config </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">set</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> registry https://registry.npmmirror.com/</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>执行上述命令后，以后下载所有 npm 包的时候，都会改为使用淘宝的镜像源。</p><h3 id="_3-3-方式-3：通过-nrm-切换镜像源（推荐）" tabindex="-1">3.3 方式 3：通过 NRM 切换镜像源（推荐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-方式-3：通过-nrm-切换镜像源（推荐）" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><p><strong>NRM</strong>：Node Registry Manager。作用是：<strong>切换和管理 npm 包的镜像源</strong>。</p><ul><li>项目地址：<a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/nrm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.npmjs.com/package/nrm</a></li><li>GitHub 地址： <a href="https://github.com/Pana/nrm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/Pana/nrm</a></li></ul><p><strong>安装 NRM</strong>：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm install -g nrm</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><blockquote><p>执行命令<code>nrm ls</code>查看可选的源。</p></blockquote><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm ---------- https://registry.npmjs.org/</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">yarn --------- https://registry.yarnpkg.com/</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">tencent ------ https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/npm/</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">cnpm --------- https://r.cnpmjs.org/</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">taobao ------- https://registry.npmmirror.com/</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npmMirror ---- https://skimdb.npmjs.com/registry/</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br></div></div><ol><li>切换</li></ol><p>如果要切换到<code>taobao</code>源，执行命令 <code>nrm use taobao</code>。</p><ol start="2"><li>增加</li></ol><p>你可以增加定制的源，特别适用于添加企业内部的私有源，执行命令 <code>nrm add &lt;registry&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>，其中<code>reigstry</code>为源名，<code>url</code>为源的路径。</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">nrm add registry http://registry.npm.frp.trmap.cn/</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><ol start="3"><li>删除</li></ol><p>执行命令<code>nrm del &lt;registry&gt;</code>删除对应的源。</p><ol start="4"><li>测试速度</li></ol><p>你还可以通过 <code>nrm test</code> 测试相应源的响应时间。</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">nrm </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">test</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> npm  </span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><h3 id="_3-4-方式-4：安装-cnpm" tabindex="-1">3.4 方式 4：安装 cnpm <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-4-方式-4：安装-cnpm" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><ul><li>项目地址：<a href="https://npmmirror.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">npmmirror 中国镜像站</a></li></ul><p>安装<code>cnpm</code>替换 npm（npm 由于源服务器在国外，下载包的速度较慢，cnpm 会使用国内镜像）：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">$ npm install -g cnpm --registry=https://registry.npmmirror.com</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>以后我们就可以通过 cnpm 命令去安装一个包。举例如下：</p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#676E95;font-style:italic;"># 安装 vue 这个包</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">cnpm install vue</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><p>这里的单词 <code>install</code> 可以简写成 <code>i</code>。</p><h2 id="_4-什么是-npm-脚本" tabindex="-1">4.什么是 npm 脚本 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_4-什么是-npm-脚本" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2><blockquote><p>npm 允许在<code>package.json</code>文件里面，使用<code>scripts</code>字段定义脚本命令。<code>package.json</code> 里面的<code>scripts</code> 字段是一个对象。它的每一个属性，对应一段脚本。定义在<code>package.json</code>里面的脚本，就称为 <code>npm</code> 脚本。</p></blockquote><p>查看当前项目的所有 npm 脚本命令，可以使用不带任何参数的<code>npm run</code>命令。</p><h3 id="_4-1-使用" tabindex="-1">4.1 使用 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_4-1-使用" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><ul><li><code>npm run</code> 脚本名称</li><li>如果是并行执行（即同时的平行执行），可以使用&amp;符号。 <code>npm run script1.js &amp; npm run script2.js</code></li><li>如果是继发执行（即只有前一个任务成功，才执行下一个任务），可以使用&amp;&amp;符号。<code>npm run script1.js &amp;&amp; npm run script2.js</code></li></ul><h3 id="_4-2-简写形式" tabindex="-1">4.2 简写形式 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_4-2-简写形式" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><ul><li><code>npm start</code> 即 <code>npm run start</code></li><li><code>npm stop</code> 即 <code>npm run stop</code></li><li><code>npm test</code> 即 <code>npm run test</code></li><li><code>npm restart</code> 即 <code>npm run stop &amp;&amp; npm run restart &amp;&amp; npm run start</code></li></ul><h2 id="_5-pnpm" tabindex="-1">5.pnpm <a class="header-anchor" href="#_5-pnpm" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2><h3 id="_5-1-pnpm-是什么" tabindex="-1">5.1 pnpm 是什么 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_5-1-pnpm-是什么" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><blockquote><p>pnpm是 Node.js 的替代包管理器。它是 npm 的直接替代品，但速度更快、效率更高。</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>为什么效率更高？当您安装软件包时，我们会将其保存在您机器上的全局存储中，然后我们会从中创建一个硬链接，而不是进行复制。对于模块的每个版本，磁盘上只保留一个副本。例如，当使用 npm 或 yarn 时，如果您有 100 个使用 lodash 的包，则磁盘上将有 100 个 lodash 副本。pnpm 可让您节省数 GB 的磁盘空间！</p></blockquote><p>pnpm优势 pnpm 拥有 Yarn 超过 npm 的所有附加功能：</p><ul><li><strong>安全</strong>: 与 yarn 一样，pnpm 有一个包含所有已安装包校验和的特殊文件，用于在执行代码之前验证每个已安装包的完整性。</li><li><strong>离线模式</strong>: pnpm 将所有下载的包 tarball 保存在本地注册表镜像中。当包在本地可用时，它从不发出请求。使用该--offline参数可以完全禁止 HTTP 请求。</li><li><strong>速度</strong>: pnpm 不仅比 npm 快，而且比 yarn 快。无论是冷缓存还是热缓存，它都比 yarn 快。yarn 从缓存中复制文件，而 pnpm 只是从全局存储中链接它们。</li></ul><h3 id="_5-2-pnpm-的使用" tabindex="-1">5.2 pnpm 的使用 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_5-2-pnpm-的使用" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h3><p><strong>官网</strong>： <code>https://pnpm.js.org/installation/</code></p><p><strong>全局安装</strong></p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">npm install pnpm -g</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><strong>设置源</strong></p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">//查看源</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pnpm config get registry </span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">//切换淘宝源</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pnpm config </span><span style="color:#82AAFF;">set</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> registry https://registry.npmmirror.com/</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><p><strong>使用</strong></p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">//可以和npm一样使用方式</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pnpm init //直接初始化</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pnpm install 包  // </span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pnpm i 包</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pnpm add 包    // -S  默认写入dependencies</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pnpm add -D    // -D devDependencies</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pnpm add -g    // 全局安装</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br></div></div><p><strong>移除</strong></p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pnpm remove</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">uninstall</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> 包                            //移除包</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pnpm remove 包 --global                   //移除全局包</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><p><strong>更新</strong></p><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pnpm up                //更新所有依赖项</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pnpm upgrade 包        //更新包</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pnpm upgrade 包 --global   //更新全局包</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">pnpm up --latest //最新更新所有依赖项，忽略package.json中指定的范围</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><h2 id="_6-npm命令总结" tabindex="-1">6.npm命令总结 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-npm命令总结" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">1.npm init -y 添加初始化文件记录安装信息，如果在后面加-S或者-D会自动创建该文件</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">2.npm install 包名 –g  （uninstall,update）</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">3.npm install 包名 --save（-S） --dev</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">-D</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">  </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">uninstall,update</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">如果不写后缀默认是安装到生产环境</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">如果先装到了开发环境，那么后面覆盖安装不写后缀也是本身的环境下</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">一个包只能存在在一种环境，得先卸载才能换环境</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">4.npm list -g </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">不加-g，列举当前目录下的安装包</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">5.npm info 包名（详细信息） npm info 包名 version </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">获取最新版本</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">6.npm install md5@1.8.0（安装指定版本）</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">7.npm outdated</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">(</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">检查包是否已经过时</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">如果版本比较新就不会有输出</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">8.pwd输出当前目录的绝对路径</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">9.npm view 包名 version查看当前版本   npm view 包名 versions查看该包所有版本</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">10.npm update 包名 更新指定包 npm update 更新所有的包（pnpm up）</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">11.npm config list  查看npm配置信息</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">12.npm 指定命令 --help 查看指定命令的帮助。</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">13.npm root：查看当前包的安装路径。  npm root -g：查看全局的包的安装路径。</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">14.npm ls 包名：查看本地安装的指定包及版本信息，没有显示empty。 npm ls 包名 -g：查看全局安装的指定包及版本信息</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">15.npm cache clean --force 清除缓存</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">16.npm -v查看npm的版本</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">dependencies</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">: </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">md5</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">: </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">^2.1.0</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">  }  ^ 表示 如果 直接npm install 将会 安md5@2.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">*</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">*</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">  	最新版本</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">dependencies</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">: </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">md5</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">: </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">~2.1.0</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">  }  </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">~</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> 表示 如果 直接npm install 将会 安装md5 2.1.</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">*</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">  最新版本</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">dependencies</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">: </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">{</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">    </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">md5</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">: </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">*</span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;">  }  </span><span style="color:#89DDFF;">*</span><span style="color:#A6ACCD;"> 表示 如果 直接npm install 将会 安装 md5  最新版本</span></span>
<span class="line"></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br><span class="line-number">31</span><br><span class="line-number">32</span><br><span class="line-number">33</span><br><span class="line-number">34</span><br><span class="line-number">35</span><br><span class="line-number">36</span><br><span class="line-number">37</span><br><span class="line-number">38</span><br><span class="line-number">39</span><br><span class="line-number">40</span><br><span class="line-number">41</span><br><span class="line-number">42</span><br></div></div><h2 id="_7-使用-nodemon-自动重启服务" tabindex="-1">7.使用 nodemon 自动重启服务 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_7-使用-nodemon-自动重启服务" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2><p>我们在开发的过程中，每次改完代码之后都必须重启服务器，显然这样的操作效率是比较低，这里给大家推荐个工具，<code>nodemon</code>,<code>nodemon</code>可以帮我们实时监听项目中代码的变化，并且自动重启服务，而且配置简单。</p><ol><li><p>安装：<code>npm install -g nodemon</code></p><blockquote><p>如果无法使用nodemon，那么要去环境变量中进行配置</p></blockquote></li><li><p>使用<code>nodemon</code>运行项目，取代之前的<code>node app.js</code>。</p></li></ol><div class="language-"><pre><code>nodemon  app.js
</code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>项目运行之后，<code>nodemon</code>会自动监听代码的改动，并且重新启动服务，大大增加我们开发效率。</p><ol start="3"><li><code>nodemon</code>常见配置</li></ol><ul><li>在命令行指定应用的端口号：<code>nodemon ./server.js localhost 8080</code></li><li>查看帮助，帮助里面有很多选项都是一目了然：<code>nodemon -h 或者 nodemon --help</code></li><li>运行 debug 模式：<code>nodemon --debug ./server.js 80</code></li><li>手动重启项目： <code>Nodemon</code> 命令运行的终端 窗口中输入 <code>rs</code> 两个字符，然后再按下回车键，就能手动重启 <code>Nodemon</code>了。</li></ul></div></div><!----></main><!--[--><!--]--><footer class="VPContentDocFooter" data-v-4fe9b7bd data-v-7f892bef><a class="prev-link" href="/nodejs/02.html" data-v-7f892bef><span class="desc" data-v-7f892bef><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="vt-link-icon" data-v-7f892bef><path d="M15,19c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3l-6-6c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1,0-1.4l6-6c0.4-0.4,1-0.4,1.4,0s0.4,1,0,1.4L10.4,12l5.3,5.3c0.4,0.4,0.4,1,0,1.4C15.5,18.9,15.3,19,15,19z"></path></svg> Previous</span><span class="title" data-v-7f892bef>02 【nodejs开发环境安装】</span></a><a class="next-link" href="/nodejs/04.html" data-v-7f892bef><span class="desc" data-v-7f892bef>Next <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="vt-link-icon" data-v-7f892bef><path d="M9,19c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1,0-1.4l5.3-5.3L8.3,6.7c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1,0-1.4s1-0.4,1.4,0l6,6c0.4,0.4,0.4,1,0,1.4l-6,6C9.5,18.9,9.3,19,9,19z"></path></svg></span><span class="title" data-v-7f892bef>04 【nodejs模块化规范：CommonJS】</span></a></footer></div></div></div></div><div class="visually-hidden" aria-live="polite" data-v-23306c50>03 【npm的使用】 has loaded</div></div></div>
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